# "*": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wefindx/schema/master/intent/oo-item.yaml" # "base:title": "0oo - Reducing Risk from Gamma Ray Bursts" "og:title": "Reducing Risk from Gamma Ray Bursts" "og:description": "All GRBs observed to date have occurred well outside the Milky Way galaxy and have been harmless to Earth. However, if a GRB were to occur within the Milky Way, and its emission were beamed straight towards Earth, the effects could be devastating for the planet. Currently, orbiting satellites detect on average approximately one GRB per day. The closest observed GRB as of March 2014 was GRB 980425, located 40Mpc (130 million light years) away in a (z=0.0085) SBc-type dwarf galaxy. For a galaxy of approximately the same size as the Milky Way, the expected rate (for long-duration GRBs) is …" "og:image": "https://avatars0.githubusercontent.com/u/28134655" "og:url": "/intent/40/" "base:css": "/static/css/bootstrap.min.9c25540d6272.css" "base:extra-css": "/static/css/base.57997aeac1df.css" "base:favicon": "/static/favicon.acaa334f0136.ico" "base:body_class": "" "layout:logo": "/static/0oo.8d2a8bbef612.svg" "layout:index": "/" "layout:menu": "/menu/" "layout:categories": "/intents/" "layout:ideas": "/methods/" "layout:projects": "/projects/" "layout:users": "/users/" "layout:about": "/about/" "layout:help": "/help/" "layout:bug_report": "https://github.com/wefindx/0oo" "layout:login": "/accounts/login/" "layout:light-off": "/darken/?darken=true" "layout:set-monolingual": "/mulang/?mulang=false" "layout:lang": "Language" "layout:set-language-post-action": "/i18n/setlang/" "layout:csrf-token": "SYhq9gR7uPYhREPXDYAt9dAgKExtgcEhdh3Hsb3pe0cboOs1Zve7WxD7W30fXfJr" "layout:input-next": "/intent/40/" "layout:languages": [{"code": "ja", "is-active": "false", "name": "日本語"}, {"code": "lt", "is-active": "false", "name": "Lietuviškai"}, {"code": "zh-hans", "is-active": "false", "name": "简体中文"}, {"code": "en", "is-active": "true", "name": "English"}, {"code": "ru", "is-active": "false", "name": "Русский"}, {"code": "oo", "is-active": "false", "name": "O;o,"}] # "item:parent:intents": [{"title": "Technology", "url": "/intent/924/"}, {"title": "Existential Risk", "url": "/intent/1114/"}] "item:title": ".:en:Reducing Risk from Gamma Ray Bursts.:cn:降低伽马射线爆发的风险.:ja:ガンマ線バーストによるリスクの低減" "item:votes": 0 "item:add-vote": "#addnote" "item:intent": "/intent/40/?l=en" "item:base-administration": false "item:body": | .:en All GRBs observed to date have occurred well outside the Milky Way galaxy and have been harmless to Earth. However, if a GRB were to occur within the Milky Way, and its emission were beamed straight towards Earth, the effects could be devastating for the planet. Currently, orbiting satellites detect on average approximately one GRB per day. The closest observed GRB as of March 2014 was GRB 980425, located 40Mpc (130 million light years) away in a (z=0.0085) SBc-type dwarf galaxy. For a galaxy of approximately the same size as the Milky Way, the expected rate (for long-duration GRBs) is about one burst every 100,000 to 1,000,000 years. GRBs close enough to affect life in some way might occur once every five million years or so – around a thousand times since life on Earth began. The major Ordovician–Silurian extinction events of 450 million years ago may have been caused by a GRB. The greatest danger is believed to come from [Wolf–Rayet stars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star), regarded by astronomers as likely GRB candidates. When such stars transition to supernovae, they may emit intense beams of gamma rays, and if Earth were to lie in the beam zone, devastating effects may occur. Gamma rays would not penetrate Earth's atmosphere to impact the surface directly, but they would chemically damage the stratosphere. For example, if [WR 104](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WR_104), at a distance of 8,000 light-years, were to hit Earth with a burst of 10 seconds duration, its gamma rays could deplete about 25 percent of the world's ozone layer. This would result in mass extinction, food chain depletion, and starvation. The side of Earth facing the GRB would receive potentially lethal radiation exposure, which can cause radiation sickness in the short term, and, in the long term, results in serious impacts to life due to ozone layer depletion. Longer-term, gamma ray energy may cause chemical reactions involving oxygen and nitrogen molecules which may create nitrogen oxide then nitrogen dioxide gas, causing photochemical smog. The GRB may produce enough of the gas to cover the sky and darken it. Gas would prevent sunlight from reaching Earth's surface, producing a "cosmic winter" effect – a similar situation to an impact winter, but not caused by an impact. GRB-produced gas could also even further deplete the ozone layer. .:cn 迄今为止观测到的所有GRB都在银河系外发生,并且对地球无害。然而,如果GRB发生在银河系内,并且其辐射直接射向地球,则这种影响可能对地球造成毁灭性影响。目前,轨道卫星平均每天检测大约一个GRB。截至2014年3月,观测到的最接近的GRB是GRB 980425,位于(z = 0.0085)SBc型矮星系中,距离距离4千万秒差距(1.3亿光年)。 对于与银河系大小大致相同的星系,预期的速率(对于长时间GRBs)大约每10万到100万年爆发一次。自从地球上的生命开始以来,每隔500万年左右就会发生一次GRBs,足以影响生命。 4.5亿年前的奥陶纪志留纪灭绝事件可能是由GRB引起的。 据信,最大的危险来自于[沃尔夫 - 罗伊特星](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star),被天文学家视为GRB的候选人。当这些恒星过渡到超新星时,它们可能会发射强烈的伽马射线而结束生命,而如果地球位于射束区,可能会发生破坏性影响。伽马射线不会穿透地球大气直接冲击地表,但它们会化学损害平流层。 例如,如果[WR 104](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/WR104)在8000光年的距离内以10秒的时间持续击中地球,其伽玛射线可能耗尽约占世界臭氧层的25%。这将导致大规模生物灭绝,食物链枯竭和饥饿。地球面向GRB的一侧会受到潜在的致命辐射照射,短期内可能会导致辐射病,并且从长远来看,由于臭氧层耗尽会对生命造成严重影响。 长期的伽马射线能量可能会引起涉及氧和氮分 子的化学反应,这可能会产生氮氧化物,然后产生二氧化氮气体,从而引起光化学烟雾。 GRB可能产生足够的气体来覆盖天空并使其变暗。气体会阻止阳光到达地球表面,产生“宇宙冬季”效应 - 与撞击冬天类似,但不是由于撞击造成的。GRB产生的气体甚至可能进一步消耗臭氧层。 "item:permalink": "/intent/40/?l=en" "item:source-date": "" "item:owner": "Mindey" "item:ownerlink": "/user/147/Mindey" "item:created": "2015-12-27T11:17:24.220000" "item:intent:child:add": "/admin/hlog/intent/add/?parent=40" # "item:method:items": - "id": "i-121" "title": "HiveCell" "summary": "Universal Beehive Cell-like Capsule-Hotel-like Car Connectable into Buildings and Spaces" "url": "/method/121/" "owner": "Mindey" "permalink": "/intent/40/?l=en#i-121" "ownerlink": "/user/147/Mindey" "created": "2015-10-02T13:23:25.259000" - "id": "i-153" "title": "Deep Underwater Cities" "summary": "Build cities deep underwater for reducing likelihood of extinction from natural catastrophic events." "url": "/method/153/" "owner": "Mindey" "permalink": "/intent/40/?l=en#i-153" "ownerlink": "/user/147/Mindey" "created": "2015-12-27T11:21:02.110000" "item:method:add": "/admin/hlog/method/add/?parent=40" "item:comment:add": "/intents/addnote?parent=40" "item:comment:add:csrf_token": "SYhq9gR7uPYhREPXDYAt9dAgKExtgcEhdh3Hsb3pe0cboOs1Zve7WxD7W30fXfJr" "item:comment:form": |
  • Mark if the comment raises new questions.
  • Mark if the comment contributes potential solutions.
  • Mark if the comment contributes facts for reasoning.
  • Please, log in. # "item:comment:items": - "id": "r-15" "text": | Very low probability, but still, possible to do something about it. So, -- for x-riskers. "owner": "Mindey" "ownerlink": "/user/147/Mindey" "permalink": "/intent/40/?l=en#r-15" "created": "2020-03-04T09:51:09.722000" "vote": "" "base:js": "/static/js/base.c7357c06cc89.js"